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Pine nuts are the edible seeds of pines (family Pinaceae, genus ''Pinus''). About 20 species of pine produce seeds large enough to be worth harvesting; in other pines the seeds are also edible, but are too small to be of notable value as a human food. ==Species and geographic spread== In Asia two species are widely harvested, Korean pine (''Pinus koraiensis'') in northeast Asia (the most important species in international trade), and chilgoza pine (''Pinus gerardiana'') in the western Himalaya. Four other species, Siberian pine (''Pinus sibirica''), Siberian dwarf pine (''Pinus pumila''), Chinese white pine (''Pinus armandii'') and lacebark pine (''Pinus bungeana''), are also used to a lesser extent. Afghanistan is an important source of pine nuts. Pine nuts produced in Europe mostly come from the stone pine (''Pinus pinea''), which has been cultivated for its nuts for over 5,000 years, and harvested from wild trees for far longer. The Swiss pine (''Pinus cembra'') is also used to a very small extent. In North America, the main species are three of the pinyon pines: Colorado pinyon (''Pinus edulis''), single-leaf pinyon (''Pinus monophylla''), and Mexican pinyon (''Pinus cembroides''). The other eight pinyon species are used to a small extent, as are gray pine (''Pinus sabineana''), Coulter pine (''Pinus coulteri''), Torrey pine (''Pinus torreyana''), sugar pine (''Pinus lambertiana'') and Parry pinyon (''Pinus quadrifolia''). "Pinyon" is spelled as ''piñon'' in Spanish. In the United States, pine nuts are mainly harvested by Native Americans, particularly the Uto-Aztecan: Shoshone, Paiute Navajo (), and Hopi, and Washoe tribes.〔("History of Pine Nuts & The People of the Great Basin." ) ''Goods from the Woods.'' 2004 (retrieved 8 Dec 2009)〕 Certain treaties negotiated by tribes and laws in Nevada guarantee Native Americans' right to harvest pine nuts.〔Frazier, Penny. ("Pine Nuts, Politics and Public Lands." ) ''Raw Foods News Magazine.'' (retrieved 8 Dec 2009) 〕 The ''Pinus monophylla'' seeds, commonly known as the Nevada Soft Shell Pine Nut, are harvested by commercial harvesters in Nevada, and sold throughout the western US.〔Liston Pine Nuts (“What is the Nevada soft shell pine nut” ) (retrieved 27 November 2014)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pine nut」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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